Europes Aging Population Europe - 1400 Words

Europe’s Aging Population Europe provides a well-documented example of a developed region experiencing an aging population. Carone et al. (2005) say that over the coming decades, the number of people aged 65 and over in the EU is predicted to double, as a result the old age dependency ratio will change to 2:1, meaning that for every two people of working age there will be one aged 65 or older. The scale of the aging population is compounded by the region’s low fertility, with member states averaging 1.5 children per childbearing woman in 2004, well below the replacement rate. Carone, et al. (2005) point out that there are cultural and structural reasons for this, including high usage of birth control; higher female education attainment and†¦show more content†¦Over the last 10-15 years, this has become an issue as Europe’s elderly population has grown substantially. In 2014, the over 65’s accounted for 18.5% of a 506.8 million EU total (Eurostat, 2015). In 1960, the share of the population aged over 80 was only 1.5%, however, it had risen to nearly 5% by 2010 (OECD, 2013). Inward migration is put forward as a potential solution to filling the labour deficit left by aging populations. For the EU, proposals for a quota of migrants adjusted for each member state’s circumstances could help alleviate the challenges of an ageing population (Ellyatt, 2015). Through bringing in migrants of working age, Denton and Spenser (2014) suggest that gross domestic product (GDP) will increase; they note additionally that bringing in families will help boost fertility rates and therefore mitigate the challenges of an aging population over time. However, these proposals have been met with criticism. Despite being dated, Coleman (2000 and 2001) said that encouraging migration is only a short term fix. In order to ease the issues of population aging, the rates of immigration would have to be so high that the cultural, social and political side effects of altering the composition of the host population would outweigh any potential benefits. For example, it is noted by Kassam, et al. (2015) that Germany would need an average of 533,000 imigrants every year to offset its shortage of workers. The likely

Computer Topology Of A Network - 1391 Words

INTRODUCTION: The physical or network topology of a network seriously affects the network price, dependability, throughput, and approach pattern, etc, thus we want to contemplate these multiple criteria having totally different units, at the same time. However, normal ways of planning topology contemplate solely one criterion, e.g., minimizing the specified range of physical links. during this paper, we tend to propose a topology style methodology exploitation average rank, that is calculated by averaging the ranks of all criteria. This methodology needs very little calculation and therefore the principle of topology analysis is basically straightforward. Through numerical analysis, we tend to show that this methodology will realize†¦show more content†¦Outline of a Network Topology: I- Overview of physical or network topology of a network II- Different criteria used in planning for a Network Topology III- Factors affecting Network implementation IV- About Network Architecture In order to know and apply the ideas during this chapter, you must be acquainted with basic networking ideas. This includes the functions and options of the TCP/IP protocol suite, technologies like the variants of LAN, synchronous optical network (SONET), and wave division multiplexing (WDM), and therefore the basics of network routing, security, performance, and management. Network analysis, design, and style have historically been thought of art, combining somebody s explicit rules on evaluating and selecting network technologies; information regarding however technologies, services, and protocols is meaningfully combined; expertise in what works and what doesn t; along with (often arbitrary) alternatives of network designs. However, as with different sorts of art, success of a specific network style usually depends totally on who is doing the work, with results that are rarely duplicable. this could have been acceptable within the period of time of n etworking, once networks were a lot of a hobby than a crucial resource and didn t directly support revenue generation. Today, however, networks are embedded among our work, home, and outside environments. they re thought of

Stigma Obesity Free Essays

Laura Mealer 4/11/12 Essay #9 Stigma: Obesity The fat stigma is becoming a global problem according to an article in the New York Times by Tara Parker-Pope. â€Å"Dr. Brewis and her colleagues recently completed a multicountry study intended to give a snapshot of the international zeitgeist about weight and body image,†(NY times). We will write a custom essay sample on Stigma Obesity or any similar topic only for you Order Now ‘The findings were troubling, suggesting that negative perceptions about people who are overweight may soon become the cultural norm in some countries, including places where plumper, larger bodies traditionally have been viewed as attractive,’ according to a new report in the journal Current Anthropology. Dr. Lear, who is studying rising childhood obesity in that country and in Canada, agrees the potential for stigmatization exists. †We know in developed countries that obese people are less successful, less likely to get married, less likely to get promoted,† he said. The researchers elicited answers of true or false to statements with varying degrees of fat stigmatization. The fat-stigma test included statements like, †People are overweight because they are lazy† and †Some people are fated to be obese,†(NY Times). Using mostly in-person interviews, supplemented with questions posed over the Internet, they tested attitudes among 700 people in 10 countries, territories and cities, including American Samoa, Tanzania, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Paraguay, Argentina, New Zealand, Iceland, two sites in Arizona and London. Dr. Brewis said she fully expected high levels of fat stigma to show up in the †Anglosphere† countries, including the United States, England and New Zealand, as well as in body-conscious Argentina. But what she did not expect was how strongly people in the rest of the testing sites expressed negative attitudes about weight. The results, Dr. Brewis said, suggest a surprisingly rapid †globalization of fat stigma. † But what appears to have changed is the level of criticism and blame leveled at people who are overweight. One reason may be that public health campaigns branding obesity as a disease are sometimes perceived as being critical of individuals rather than the environmental and social factors that lead to weight gain. †A public health focus on ‘You can change,’ or ‘This is your fault,’ can be very counterproductive,† he said. †Stigma is serious. ‘ â€Å"Key ideas in the global model of obesity include the notions that obesity is a disease and that fat reflects personal and social failing. In all our samples, some fat stigma is evident, and the global model suggests that the cultural shared idea that fat or obesity is a basis for judging the social and personal qualities of the individual. However, and critically, the shared cultural mod el also suggests the culturally correct perspective that expressing those judgments too obviously or forcefully is not acceptable. (JSTOR) â€Å"In summary, these analyses suggest that norms about fat-as-bad and fat-as-unhealthy are spreading globally and that cultural diversity in conceptions of ideal or acceptable body size appears to be on the decline. Certainly, negative and especially discrediting ideas about fat/obesity are now seemingly much more widespread than a thorough reading of the available ethnographies would suggest. This process of cultural change appears to be happening very quickly, likely representing homogenization in beliefs in this domain just within the last decade or two. This leans us toward the age-old anthropological challenge of better understanding what drives the cultural diffusion of new ideas and feeds their gaining salience. Our findings hint that newer forms of educational media, including global public health campaigns, may be driving this trend. Whatever their source, it is important to understand the dynamics of fat-stigmatizing cultural models because of their potential influence on both physical and social well-being of individuals in a wide range of socioecological contexts. †(JSTOR) How to cite Stigma Obesity, Essay examples

Sample Solution on the Business Process of Bakery

Question: Explain the business process of Bakery. Answer: The business operation of B.Bakery is to make delicious breads and pastries for their customers and providing quality product so that they enjoy while they eat. It is a family owned company and employs around 70 employees in their company and its revenue increased to around more than $13.5 million in a year. The firm also supplied confectionary and bread to different number of business which includes pub chains and supermarkets (Epstein and Lee, 2011). Over the years, the company has experienced mixed fortune in terms of the business performance and has also experienced growth in the last few years and also produces some of the new healthy products. The operation of the company includes appropriate formation of the processes such as design, planning, strategy and control of the performance of the company (Fifield and Power, 2011). The steps implemented for the development of the company and evaluating the efficiency of the organization in order to achieve maximum outputs of the produ cts in the market. The main aim of the firm is to provide quality products to their customers. Business requirements The most important business processes of the firm is the collection, evaluation and processing of the data. The implementation of the accounting information system will help to manage the accounts and removing risk of lost data and information (Gough, 2002). The accounting software will help to take the firm to the next level. The functions of accounting information system are given below: AI S will help to collect information and data as well as recording all the transactions. The supply of the information to the decision makers that includes preparation of the financial reports (Holton, 2012). It will ensure accurate and efficient record of the business transactions. The software accounting information system will help to identify, record, systemize, process, track and control all the financial information and data (Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield, 2011). It will reduce the risk of omission and errors and achieving the following objectives by B.Bakery: Processes to store, evaluate and analyze the financial information and data The software will help in the management of the financial data Internal controls and security measures to protect the data (Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso, 2007). The collection and disclosure of the information about the product and customer. High level of accuracy and processing of financial data with proper authorization The accounting information system enables to collect process and filter the financial data. The accounting information system enables the users of the financial statements to make necessary decisions (Sharma, 2010). System requirements The selection and requirement of the software will help in the achievement in the objectives. The objectives that can be achieved are as follows: The development of the accounting information system will help in the management of the financial data and information (Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson, 2011). The expansion of the operations and processes ensures development of the company and achievement of the goals. Therefore, it is important for the company to implement appropriate engagement. The service agreements will help in the continuation of outsourcing programs of the vendor and increasing appropriate management and process for the client satisfaction, increase in productivity and sensitivity (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). The mobilization system to enhance knowledge of the staff member and understanding the software. The communication system will help in the enhancement of system requirement and increasing the flow of communication (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). The improvement in the configuration and change management can also be done with the implementation of the accounting information system The security measures are very much important for the creation of appropriate framework system that would be used for the protection of data and information. The protection of the intellectual property can be achieved by following the laws of security for appropriate development of outsourcing services (Turtledove, 2007). The integration of the providers of the service will help in the achievement of the objectives of the company (Warren, Reeve and Fess, 2005). Software selection The software package regarding accounting is used for the creation of the proper accounting system which is as the SAP, ERP and the MYOB. It shows the enhancement in the organization that helps in the creation of the growth for the organization regarding the security, POS, time tracking, inventory, payroll and the billing process (Wolf, 2008). This implementation of the systems helps in the growth of the organization as well as it also helps in the enhancement of the strategies that are useful for the creation of the calculation systems, securitization, account up-gradation and the proper arrangement of the company. Thus it also helps in the creation of the continuation of the systems that are helpful for the growth and the development of the proper payment system in the company. The SAP software is used for the creation of the balanced situation in the financial management and the mitigation of the risks and thereby it also helps in monitoring the costs and the entity operations tha t are required for the process of accounting (Romney and Steinbart, 2006). Thus it shows the fruitful implementations that help in the proper continuation of the process that are helpful for the appropriate enhancement of the problems. It also helps in the creation of the appropriate communication system between the banks that also increases the investment management for the organization. The MYOB software also helps in the auto reconciliation of the bank for the sales of the business enhancement and thus it also helps in the determination of the business properties. The ERP software is used for the creation of the centralized information system that is used for the proper accessing of the continuum and thus environment is also created for the fulfillment of the future needs (Sharma, 2010). Vendor selection As per the advancement of the technology, the current information technologies are used in the business organization to encourage the usage of the computerized process in the field of the small medium enterprise. This in fact creates the efficiency in the business and also helps in the increment of the methods of the costs that are required for the proper creation of the business transactions (Spiceland, Sepe and Nelson, 2011). This also helps in the advancement of the computerized technology for the proper creation of the accounting systems that are useful for the growth and the enhancement of the fundamental transaction. This process of the development also includes the accounting software packages that are helpful for the proper customization of the export and the import of the accounting data that are require for facilitating the print quotes, sales orders and the other procurement orders. The accounting software also helps in the increment of the security levels that are require d for the creation of the proper transaction of the business accounts and also includes the maintenance of the account of the organization (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). For this purpose, several other accounting software are used among which MYOB is the best suited accounting software. It is totally proved on the basis of the analysis that helps in the continuation of the scalability, costs and the account payable with receivable with all over the globe. The main features that are included for the purpose of the continuation of the MYOB in the organization are the real time data, integrated inventory systems with the solutions regarding the business management, proper gathering of the report in the excel sheet and also manages the operation and the other activities regarding the business. The software SAP is also used for the proper integration of the business which can be easily represented through the business process and the other accounting related software (Wolf, 2008). The key features that are consisted by the SAP for the development of the organization are managing the journals with the budget and the account receivable and the payable, managing the inventories that are required for the proper development of the customer data and the management of the sales process (Zopounidis, 2008). It also includes the management of the inventories all across the stock movements with the changing of the locations and also it helps in recording and tracking the other stock movements. Thus it is proved that the most suitable vendor is the software package that is involved in the given Bakery business. Thus it also helps in the transformation of the security maintenance of the Bakery Business with the implementation of the enhancement of the risks. Conclusion The technology of the accounting information system also helps in providing the necessary information for the proper management of the system in an efficient manner for the sake of the development of the business Bakery. Since B. Bakery is a family owned business, it also helps in analyzing the report which helps in the development of the firm that is requisite for the creation of efficiency in the business (Turtledove, 2007). The firm also helps need more efficient information system and thus it also helps in the improvement of the effective business and thus it also helps in carrying out the sophistication of the business. Effective creation of the IT governance strategies which helps in the reduction of the hacking of the information and the other fraudulent that are involved for the enhancement of the cybercrime. References Berk, J. and DeMarzo, P. (2007).Corporate finance. Boston: Pearson Addison Wesley. Elliott, B. and Elliott, J. (2008).Financial accounting and reporting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Epstein, M. and Lee, J. (2011).Advances in management accounting. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Fifield, S. and Power, D. (2011).Managerial finance. [Bradford, UK]: Emerald. Gough, L. (2002).Global finance. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub. Holton, R. (2012).Global finance. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Kieso, D., Weygandt, J. and Warfield, T. (2011).Intermediate accounting. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Kimmel, P., Weygandt, J. and Kieso, D. (2007).Financial accounting. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley. Powner, D. (2012).Information technology. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Govt. Accountability Office. Romney, M. and Steinbart, P. (2006).Accounting information systems. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Sharma, N. (2010).Business finance. Jaipur, India: ABD Publishers. Spiceland, J., Sepe, J. and Nelson, M. (2011).Intermediate accounting. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Stittle, J. and Wearing, B. (2008).Financial accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Turtledove, H. (2007).Settling accounts. New York: Del Rey/Ballantine Books. Warren, C., Reeve, J. and Fess, P. (2005).Financial managerial accounting. Mason, Ohio: Thomson/South-Western. Wolf, M. (2008).Fixing global finance. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. Zopounidis, C. (2008).Managerial finance. [Bradford, England]: Emerald.

Nutrition Essays (416 words) - Nutrition, Eating, Food And Drink

Nutrition I believe healthy nutrition is the most important factor for maintaining and keeping good health. Healthy nutrition basically is eating healthy and balanced from all the basic food groups; which consists of the dairy group, poultry group, fruit group, vegetable group and a little from the fats, oils, and sweets groups. It is also imperative to drinl an adequate amount that corresponds with the daily guidelines of eight glasses a day which is equivalent to a one two-liter soda per day. In order for myself to attain this status of eating healthy I kept a food log for a month that has the entries of what I ate each day. In this food log it helped me keep track of how many fat grams I was eating and if I was eating balanced. I also listed how much sleep I was getting each day, what my mood was, and how many minutes I exercised each day. All those factors combined, determine my overall state of physical and mental health. Well, I think I'm eating pretty healthy; I've never tracked down what I ate before so I didn't really think what I was eating. But when the whole project was done it didn't look like I was a healthy eater. I was drinking too much soda with excessive sodium intake and I didn't eat a lot of fruits or vegetables and I was drinking more soda than water. For breakfast, I was eating too many donuts which means too much sugar. On the bright side of things, I was eating a variety of foods. It may not be balanced amount from each food group but I made a conscience effort to eat at least something from all the food groups. So even though the food project is now done, from the basis of my good log. I'm trying to make permanent adjustments in my diet to make my body healthier. No more soda, no more donuts for breakfast, and no more sweets. Instead more water, more fruits and vegetables, and increased physical activity and more sleep. I know it's going to be hard to make these sudden adjustments but I'm going to do it gradually until I get comfortable and use to it. Hopefully from these changes I will have low blood pressure and a low cholesterol level. In conclusion, this generation of Americans is the most overweight and obese ever. It seems that people do not care about their weight, appearance, or health. It's sad to see people that do not have respect for themselves and have low self-esteem. People need to start eating healthy to better enjoy life and feel good about themselves.

Cultural Awareness Paper on Guam

Cultural Awareness Paper on Guam Cultural Awareness Paper: Guam Cultural Awareness Paper: GuamTerritory of Guam is an island in the western Pacific Ocean, which is part of the United States with a status of an unincorporated organized territory without the right to participate in national elections. The island of Guam is located on Mariana Islands archipelago, 1,600 miles from Japan and 3,900 miles from Hawaii, being the largest and southernmost island of the archipelago. The island stretches from north to south for 30 miles; the width at the narrowest middle part is 12 miles. To the south-west of it is the deepest point of the world’s ocean 11 022 m. The north of Guam is a limestone plateau composed of corals; the south has a volcanic origin and hilly terrain. The climate of the island is of tropical monsoon type. There are two distinguished seasons: the rainy season (June September) and the windy season (October May). Throughout the year the temperature on Guam varies in the comfortable range of 27-33  °C, and virtually does not cha nge during the day. Typhoons on the island occur occasionally every few years (CIA, 2012).  Historical BackgroundGuam was inhabited by one of the Austronesian peoples, Chamorro, about 3500 years ago. Archaeologists believe that the culture of the indigenous people has a history of more than four thousand years and it is the most ancient civilization in Micronesia. The first settlers arrived to Mariana Islands from Southeast Asia in a canoe through the stormy waters of the Pacific Ocean. They lived in caves, ate fish and fruit. By the beginning of the 16th century, when the expedition of Magellan discovered Guam on March 6, 1521, the Chamorro had already started forming the early class society. The whole people of Chamorro were divided into three major social strata: chiefs, freemen and slaves (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 56).In 1565, Guam was declared a colony of Spain. Since 1600 the island was used by the Spanish galleons that were routing from Mexico to the Philippines as a place to let to provide rest to the crew and recharge provisions. As a result, this led to demographic blending of the Aboriginal Chamorro with the Spaniards, Mexicans and Filipino who were part of the crews on Spanish galleons. Actual Spanish colonization accompanied by Christianization of the Chamorro began in 1668 with the arrival of Catholic missionaries to the island. At the time, Spanish Catholicism was hardly inoculated over the ancient culture of the local people who till today have preserved their beliefs in the forest spirits taotaomona and strong matriarchy (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 129).As a result, the period from 1670 to 1695 was marked by a series of Chamorro riots, which were brutally suppressed by the Spanish soldiers. During the Spanish-Chamorro war, the population of natives was exterminated: the Chamorro population, especially men, was strongly reduced from 100 to 3 thousand. This led to further assimilation of the Chamorro with the Spanish, Filipinos and Mexicans. By the end of the 18th century there were no full-blooded Chamorro left, however, the Chamorro managed to preserve their language and some customs. Starting with 1700’s, the island of Guam was visited by numerous scholars and scientists of different countries (including Spain, France, Russia) and of various fields, such as ethnology, archeology, botany, medicine, who came to Guam in order to explore and study the island (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 141). At the same time, Spanish governors were studying the local people and wrote numerous works on their culture and life. The Guam Museum now exhibits many of those collections.The U.S. conquered the island during the Spanish-American War in 1898, and got it according to the Paris Peace Accords signed the same year. After that Guam has served as a transshipment base for American vessels departing from the Philippines or travelling to the Philippines. During World War II, Guam was attacked by the armed forces of the Imperial Japan in t he Battle of Guam (1941), three hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Guam surrendered to the Japanese forces on December 10. In the midst of the war, approximately 19,000 Japanese soldiers and sailors were stationed on the island. Eventually, Guam was liberated from occupation by the U.S. Marine Corps on July 21, 1944 in the Battle of Guam, 13 days after the beginning of the battle for the liberation of the island from the Japanese invaders (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 253).Today, Guam has the official status of â€Å"an organized unincorporated territory of the United States† with the capital in Hagatna, and is governed on the basis of the Organic Act of Guam passed by the U.S. Congress in 1950 (CIA, 2012). This law gave the island the right to local self-government and declared its people the nationals of the United States, however, without the right to participate in national elections. In addition, in accordance with the 2009 Law on State federalization of the Northern Ma riana Islands, Guam, Saipan, Tinian, Rota, and other islands of the archipelago became part of the U.S. as a separate administrative area, the Mariana Islands.Head of state is the President of the United States. Executive power is exercised by the Governor, who is elected by the people of Guam for a 4-year term and appoints local government (while before 1970 the governor used to be appointed by the U.S. President with the consent of the U.S. Senate). The governor appoints the government after the approval by the legislature heads of 48 executive departments. Legislative power is represented by the Legislative Assembly consisting of 15 senators who are elected for 2-year terms. Guam also has one delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives, who is elected for 2 years but has no voting rights (CIA, 2012). In Guam, there is a movement for complete independence from the United States, but most of the residents of Guam prefer to maintain the current status in a modified form providing wider autonomy.Guam is the largest strategic U.S. military base in the Pacific, therefore the naval and army authorities have quite a big impact on the political and social life of the island. The U.S. militaries are concentrated mainly at Andersen Air Force Base and Apra Harbor Naval Base located in the Northern region of Guam. In general, historically, the economy of Guam is supported primarily by tourism (especially from Japan), and secondary by the U.S. military base located on the island, which occupies one-third of its territory. The basis of the economy of the local population is slash-and-burn agriculture, growing of yams, rice, banana, coconut palms, cane, as well as gardening and fishing (CIA, 2012).Thus, the northern region of Guam is the most sparsely populated area of the island and the least visited by tourists. Most part of the region is occupied by the U.S. military bases. At the same time, the Ritidian Beach is located here, which is considered the most beautiful be ach in Guam. The central region is the most populous and most visited by tourists (90% of the tourists). It is here that the capital of Guam is situated, as well as the main and in fact the only tourist center of the island – Tumon. Southern region is the most picturesque on the island, but at the same time it is the most underdeveloped. In this area the culture of the original Guam people of Chamorro is preserved best.In general, the population of Guam is more than 160,000 people. Indigenous inhabitants of the island, the Chamorro, make up about 37% of the population (around 64,000 people; another 16,000 Chamorros live on other Mariana Islands). The population also includes a significant number of immigrants from the Philippines (about 26%), the Polynesian people (about 11.3%), immigrants from China, Japan and Korea, as well as about 25,000 members of the U.S. army and navy and their families (CIA, 2012). Thus, today Guam presents a remarkable cultural diversity. The Chamorr o culture is well-pronounced here but at the same time it is impossible not to notice the Spanish influence of past years. In addition, immigrants from Korea, China, the Philippines and Micronesia who arrived to the island in large numbers in the second half of the 20th century contributed to the formation of the cultural traditions of Guam.  The original culture of GuamScientists associate the origin of the Chamorro (from local Chamorri â€Å"noble race†, â€Å"chief†), as well as Palau, unlike the rest of the Micronesians, with migrations from the Philippines and Indonesia in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. Arguments in favor of the Malayo-Polynesian theory are based on the similarity of ancient ceramics (Marian red clay) and rice cultivation, which is unique to Oceania. The famous latte, ancient megalithic monuments of the Chamorro culture (rows of giant stone pillars with tops in the shape of hemispheres) are also interpreted as implementation of the princip le of pile buildings in Southeast Asia. The Chamorro language also belongs to the Austronesian family of languages of the western branch, but as a result of colonization, in addition to native vocabulary it also contains a large number of Spanish words.The cornerstone of this culture is the tradition that derived from the Catholic faith which had been brought here by the Spanish in the 17th century, and the principle of respect for the family rooted in centuries-old culture of the Chamorro people, the most ancient civilization of Micronesia. These values are deeply rooted in to the concept of inafamaolek which is often translated as interdependence and basically means doing good for each other, i.e. show respect for other people’s family, community as a whole, and particularly respect for the elderly or manamko, which perfectly fit into traditional beliefs (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 115).Throughout the history of the Chamorro people, they were considered to be superstitious. T hey had a tradition of keeping the skulls of their ancestors in homes in special baskets thus idolizing them and using in rituals, pronouncing invocations in front of them in order to gain the desired things. The spirits of the dead ancestors were called anite. The Chamorro believed that the spirit inhabited the surrounding forests, and visited the villages form time to time, which was causing scary dreams in their dwellers and influenced the success of the fisheries. Those who died a violent death were believed to enter an afterlife place called Zazarraguan, and those dying their natural death were supposed to live in an underground paradise with banana plantations, coconut groves, sugar cane and other tropical fruits (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 84-87). Today, Chamorro believers are mainly Roman Catholics (up to 8586%) (CIA, 2012). At the same time, the religious institutions operating in modern-day Guam also include Guam Buddhism Society, Muslim Association of Guam, Sisters of the G ood Shepherd, Dominican Sisters, and the Redemptoris Mater Seminary. Worship of ancestors still may be found among village citizens as well, and some still honor their old relatives’ skulls. After the Spanish conquest the cult of the dead developed as well, which especially referred to the spirits of the chiefs.As it was mentioned above, the cult of the family is the cornerstone of the culture of the Chamorro people. Initially, basic social units were matrilineal groups of related families composing the population of the village. Several villages were united under the leadership of the chief. The society was divided into three hierarchical classes: the class of senior chiefs and the highest-ranked nobles (matua), junior chiefs or middle class (atchaot), and commoners (mangatchang). The economic specialization was thus defined in accordance with class belonging, as well as the social inter-class relations and inter-class marriages, which were strictly regulated by the rules of etiquette. Traditionally, marriages were monogamous, with matrilocal rule. At the same time, there were houses of bachelors, and women enjoyed premarital sexual freedom (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 78).Chamorro women had a high social status: they participated in village councils, held the court, had their own meetings, and inherited their husbands’ possessions. Husband’s adultery was punished more severely than wife’s infidelity. Prior to marriage, young Chamorro men were allowed to live in concubinage with young women, who were chosen as future wives and then purchased from their parents by means of presents. As a result, it was accustomed that several young couples would live together in one large house, similarly to the traditions widely spread among the Igorot peoples of Luzon. After marriage though, a husband coupled with one wife, and a wife chose one husband at a time. Still, wife’s treason was condemned much less than that of husband’s, and divorces among the Chamorro were noted to be frequent, with household property and children staying with the wife. Foreign influence could not break the tradition of creating family communities, relatives are the most important people to each local, and family affairs will always be of the highest priority. Today the representatives of the older generation are considered to be the heads in the families, and they are trying to help the young with their wise advice, therefore, their word is always decisive in the family decisions (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 269).The Chamorro people are proud of their traditional cuisine, dance, fashion, games, language, music, and songs. All the traditions from seafaring and fishing to crafts, from weaving and braiding to songs and dances are being passed orally in stories and legends for thousands of years.Cuisine. Historically, the Guam inhabitants tend to eat fish, fowls, taro, yams, rice, bananas, breadfruit, and coconuts, combined in several tradit ional dishes. The food was usually cooked in a heated pit by means of heated stones, which pretty much resembles the technique applied by the contemporary Polynesians. The major plants brought on the island by the various missionaries were pineapples, tobacco, maize, lemons, limes and oranges, cashew nuts and peanuts, tomatoes and egg plants, several species of Annona, as well as a wide range of garden herbs and leguminous vegetables. Later, cacao and coffee were also introduced. Thus, the contemporary cuisine of Guam is now the fusion cuisine, eclectically combining the tastes of the indigenous Chamorro tribes, the Philippines, the Pacific Islanders, the Asians, and the Spanish. Indeed, Spanish colonialism that lasted for three centuries also has a strong influence on the Guam traditional cuisine being simultaneously blended with the current American impact. Some of the popular Guam dishes include the Jamaican Grill, the Chorizo Breakfast Bowl, a side dish cooked of red rice with r ed achiote tree seeds, the Banana Lumpia desert, etc. A feature of traditional Chamorro cuisine is the Mariana fruit bat. Other Guam’s cuisine local ingredients typically include fresh fish, mainly tuna, coconut, breadfruit, yams, taro, and papaya. The Chamorro traditional dishes are Guyuria, Chicharrà ³n, Kalamai, and Roskette. On a whole, Guam cuisine is rich in Spanish, Filipino and Pacific dishes. At a village table one can find such delicacies as suckling pig roasted on fire, tropical fruits, coconut crabs, red rice painted by ashiot seeds, and many other things that can be cooked outdoors over an open fire (Kaplan and Pease 1994, 327-330).Architecture. Many architectural structures in Guam remained since the Spanish period. But their greatness is overshadowed by the megalithic structures of the Chamorro civilization latte stones. Chronicler of Magellan in 1521 wrote about the Chamorro houses that they were lifted on wooden poles or stone pillars called latte, with roo fs made of palm leaves thatched over the basis of solid coral (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 174-179). None of such houses survived till today: most of the villages in Guam, the number of which was over 180, were destroyed mainly between 1670 and 1695 during the Spanish-Chamorro war; the latte stones from 20 buildings are the only remains that are left. These huge columns of limestone with hemispheric stone on top are found all over the island and are accompanied with remains of shell and stone tools and pottery (Kaplan and Pease 1994, 313-317). A large number of latte columns of old houses keep the reminiscence of the ancient inhabitants Chamorro living on the territory of Guam, who left their petroglyphs on them. In modern times, the latte stones are considered to be a symbol of the Chamorro identity, the symbol of Guam. Some of the new buildings are constructed now incorporating new-fashioned concrete lattes, while ancient latte stones are incorporated into residential Guam landscapin g.In 2010, for holding events and attracting tourists, on the top of the Adelup area in the southern part of the capital, where the complex of government buildings with the administration of the governor is located, a tower in the form of a latte stone was erected with a viewing platform – the Latte of Freedom. In addition to the monumental ancient latte stones found only on the Mariana Islands, the main historical sights of the island include the Plaza de Espaà ±a, Guam Statue of Liberty, Statue of Chamorro, Two Lover’s Point, the historical monuments of the Battle of Guam between the Japanese Army and the U.S. Navy, Guam Museum, Talofofo waterfalls, natural swimming pool on the Pacific coast, and the Lam Lam hill the highest mountain in the world if you take the Mariana Trench as its bottom.Pottery. According to archeological researches, Chamorro pottery as a form of ceramic craft and art has a long history of over 3,000 years. Ceramic products were all handmade an d had shapes of domestic kitchen ware with various geometric designs with imprints of lime. At the time of the so-called Latte Period (800 AD – 1521 AD), red clay combined with volcanic sand were used the raw materials for ceramics production. Items of this period were smaller in size than the ones of the pre-Latte period and had decorations over the surface in the rim area. In order to make cooking easy the kitchen ware bases were designed in round or cone shapes with small openings. However, in the period of Spanish colonial ruling this form of craft was terminated and replaced in domestic use by the imported ceramics. However, this form of craft work was revived and promoted in the mid-1960’s by the University of Guam, and it is recognized now a specific art form of Guam (Kaplan and Pease 1994, 315-321). At the fairs and exhibitions of cultural objects held on the island, plaiting craftsmen, carvers and even blacksmiths traditionally demonstrate their mastery.Painti ng. Painting in Guam is a relatively recent art form which started developing here in the 1980’s. One of the greatest collections of works by local authors is displayed at the Guam International Airport at the arrival and departure gates. A number of paintings are also exhibited in the business college of the University of Guam. The local artistic sights include the murals by painter Sal Bidaure, in particular the two-story level mural on the Bank of Hawaii and the mural on the concrete retaining wall located near the Hilton hotel. Numerous well-known buildings all over the island contain contemporary paintings by many local artists (Kaplan and Pease 1994, 331). The names of the well-known contemporary artists include Monica Baza, Vivian Chargulaf, Ric R. Castro, and Mark DellIsola.Music of Guam. The music of Guam involves the artworks by many popular Chamorro musicians, such as Daniel De Leon Guerrero, KACY, Flora Baza Quan known as the Queen of Chamorro Music, as well as so ngwriter and singer JD Crutch, presented by the local music company Napu Records and owning the best-selling Guam album with Guinaifen Manglo. In addition to the Napu Records, Guam also features another major local record label called StelStar Records. Traditional Chamorro instruments are the nose flute and the belembaotuyan, which is a hollow gourd stringed instrument. Guam’s state song is â€Å"Guam Hymn† written by Ramon Sablan and adopted back in 1919. Modern music produced in Guam incorporates various elements of Spanish, Latin, American, Polynesian and Filipino music. In particular, the Spanish and Mexicans contributed significantly to the type of song called serenetas, now widely spread in the culture of Guam and sung at local festivals and carnivals. Music institutions in Guam are supported through the Fine Arts Department at the University of Guams, Guam Choristers, Cantate Guam, the Gregorian Institute of Guam, and Guam Symphony Society. The latter was founde d 47 years ago, in 1967, and now hosts such notable events like the Musikan Famaguon for children and the Symphony Seaside Concert (Carano and Sanchez 1968, 435).Poetry. Chamorro poetry is another important element of the local original culture and it is mainly presented by such forms as Chamorrita singing (Kantan Chamorrita) and Chamorro chants. Kantan Chamorrita, according to chronicles, date back to the beginning of 1600’s; it is a particular type of improvised poetry composed in the format of a call and response, and till today remains an essential part of Chamorro culture. The principle of Kantan Chamorrita consists in separate persons exchanging quick-witted remarks with each other as part of a dispute so that the song is continued by a whole group of people singing in turns. The researchers characterize this poetic form as ancient folk songs that consist of quatrains made up of two octosyllabic couplets; the couplets are mostly sung on a single melody, however there ma y be a great number of variations depending on the performer’s personal style and preferences. The main characteristic features of Kantan Chamorrita are unprepared improvisation and the form of a dialogue between two individuals or groups of people, depending on the occasion and purpose. Special attention should also be paid to the myths of the Chamorro people which continue to thrive due to oral transmission from older generations to younger. Stories and folk dances pass the legends about ancient village spirits taotaomona, doomed lovers who jumped from the Cape Two Lovers (Dos Amantes Puntal), Serena – a beautiful young girl who became a mermaid (Kaplan and Pease 1994, 324-326).During festivals, men and women get grouped separately to form semi-circles and chant Guam legends. These songs are sometimes sung in a three-part harmony by falsetto, contralto, and treble singers. The ceremony is typically accompanied by the demonstration of certain gestures and body movemen ts. Guam women may also use shell-made castanets and rattles to create music.In general, festivals and rural holidays is the Chamorro tradition that emerged in the late 17th century in symbiosis with Christian culture. The celebration in honor of the Catholic patron saint is held every year in all 19 villages of the island. Each village has its patron saint and its weekend to celebrate. The dates of celebrations do not overlap, so one can witness festivals on Guam at least two times a month. Traditionally relatives from other villages on the holiday Sunday gather at the dinner in the celebrating village. Such gatherings may count up to several hundred people eating, drinking beer and coke, chatting, listening to songs of local bands, having fun and dancing all day long. Tables are groaning with dishes which the whole village was cooking a few days; and the village youth demonstrates the specially prepared dances in the national spirit dressed in aboriginal costumes of straw and coco nuts.Another bright distinctive feature of the people of Guam is a unique sign language aybro. Using a variety of gestures and facial expressions the native population can communicate as freely as using the oral speech. Aybro is a completely unique communication system that has evolved for thousands of years. It is simply impossible for a foreigner to master this language of gestures because the same gesture accompanied by various facial expressions can have completely opposite meanings (Kaplan and Pease 1994, 312).The Chamorros are proud of their language, faith, traditions, arts and crafts, but always welcomes new elements of other cultures. Therefore, despite the fact that customs such as kissing hands of seniors (fanginge) or fishing with beach seine (talaya) emerged in the early culture of the Chamorro people and firmly rooted in the local society, the influence of Spanish and Asian cultures is also evident and reflected throughout the island. On a whole, from the traditional c ulture of the Chamorro only the individual elements have firmly survived: chamorrita songs are performed at celebrations; some crafts are still alive (weaving, manufacture of shell jewelry, wood carving), betel chewing is common. But the houses of local residents are built from modern materials, and clothing is European. Most Chamorros are employed, mostly serving the U.S. military bases on the island. At the same time, ethnic identity of the Chamorro steadfastly maintains.Thus, despite the fact that the culture and traditions of the locals was greatly influenced by both Europe and America, the indigenous population remains true to its beliefs, many of which were formed in ancient times, and great attention is paid to the revival of the culture in the country. For example, over the years the national language of Chamorro has been almost completely lost, and today in order to attract youth people to studying the national culture lots of events, festivals and village celebrations are held in Guam, which are based on ancient customs.

Rights of Third Parties Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Rights of Third Parties - Case Study Example Contract is an agreement or set of promise between two or more persons which is binding and therefore legally enforceable. It covers transactions like buying and selling, employment of staff, partnership agreement and so on. It can also be described as: "an agreement which is legally binding on the parties to it and which broken may be enforced by action in court against the defaulting party. Existence of contract - Damages sought by claimants on the basis of fraud and breach of fiduciary duty in respect to diverted insurance premiums - Negotiations between the parties taking place after proceedings issued - Letter sent by claimant asking whether defendant accepted responsibility for the fraud - Letter signed and returned by defendant but with caveat - Whether binding agreement concluded between parties. Willis Management (Isle of Man) Ltd v Cable and Wireless plc [2005] 2 Ll L R 597 (CA/UK) A trust is an equitable obligation, binding a person (who is called a trustee) to deal with property over which he has control (which is called the trust property) either for the benefit of persons (who are called beneficiaries or cestuis que trust) of whom he may himself be one, and any one of whom may enforce the obligation, or for a charitable purpose, which may be enforced at the instance of the Attorney-General, or for some other purpose permitted by law though unenforceable. Pettit Equity and The Law of Trusts 8th ed. (1997) p 24. CONSTITUTION OF TRUSTS Constituting the Trust - act of vesting the trust property in the hands of the trustee. If inter vivos transferor will vest the property concurrent with declaration of trust, If testamentary property will vest upon testator's death in executors/administrators, - Rule - if trust not constituted, it is invalid- Problems: A declares trust in favour of B on Day 1, but doesn't transfer $$ to trustee until Day 5. - Rule - until the trustee receives the property, trust incompletely constituted invalid - Curative: On day 5, trust valid & operative b/c trustee has property - Settlor can be compelled to transfer property they promised to place in trust - where S received valuable consideration for promise to create trust RIGHT OF THE THIRD PARTY The Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act, which was given Royal Assent on 11th November 1999, radically changes a fundamental principle of English law, namely that only those who are parties to a contract can enforce rights under that contract - the 'privity of contract' rule. The Act applies to virtually all contracts. Therefore the construction industry must consider its impact on all its contracts - building contracts, subcontracts, consultants' appointments, collateral warranties, insurance policies, bonds, adjudication agreements etc. Right of third party to enforce contractual term: The third party must be expressly identified in the contract by name, as a member of a class or as answering a particular description but need not be in existence when the contract is entered into. This section does not confer a right on a third party to enforce a term of a contract otherwise than subject to and in accordance with any other